Are Most of The Errors Which EFL Learners Make Due to Interference from

Presentation It is regularly expected that where there are contrasts somewhere in the range of L1 and L2, the student's L1 will presumably meddle with the L2 (negative language move), while, when L1 and L2 are comparative, the L2 will help the L2 learning (positive language move) (Ellis, 1994). Thusly, we will in general accept that the greater part of the blunders are record of negative exchange. This is incompletely obvious as indicated by numerous exact investigations of blunders which have demonstrated that numerous mistakes are basic to various phonetic foundations. The L1 is, along these lines, one of different wellsprings of blunders, and there may be different reasons which ought to be thought of (Krashen, 1988). Ways to deal with Errors Blunders are made when students of L2 produce erroneous language since they don't have the foggiest idea about the right structure, while botches are made when students produce off base language despite the fact that they know the right structure (macmillandictionary.com). Students can address their own slip-ups, however by definition, they can not right mistakes. Blunders are viewed as halfway securing of the objective language. Truth be told, mistakes ought to be seen as "the tip of the iceberg" of a unique procedure of unknown dialect procurement (brj.asu.edu). Rather than rewarding the formative stages in students' language as blunders, it might be smarter to see these mistakes as halfway procurement. This perspective and numerous others concerning blunders, notwithstanding, neither ignore nor disregard the positive and negative impact of L1 on L2...

Change Management for Organization Development -myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theChange Management for Organization Development. Answer: Presentation Change the board is additionally alluded to as CM is an aggregate term for all the methodologies required to get ready and bolster people, groups and associations really taking shape of the authoritative change. The change the executives likewise incorporates the techniques that diverts or reclassifies the utilization of the business procedures, assets, and the distribution of the spending plan and different methods of activity that change an association or an organization separately (Cameron Green, 2015). The Organizational Change Management that is the OCM thinks about the entire association and what is required to be changed. All things considered, the change the board is utilized to allude how the individuals and the groups are influenced by the authoritative advances. The associations must be alright with the progressions that are happening in the business condition. Because of the development of the innovation, the cutting edge authoritative change is propelled by the outside a dvancements more than the inside components. The accompanying article talks about the hypotheses, models, types and scrutinizes of arranged change (Gerth, 2013). Conversation: Theories of progress the board To deal with the change and the usage of the change procedures it is critical to keep away from execution of the irrelevant and the subjective strategies. The change the executives is the continuous procedure, which requires significant investment, devotion and endeavors to actualize and run. There is likewise the necessity of the including of individuals or the workers of the association who will likewise be influenced by these changes. Coming up next are a few methodologies and ways to deal with execute the change the board: Lewins Change the executives model This model is well known and successful that assists with understanding the hierarchical organized change. Kurt Lewin planned the separate model during the 1950s. The model has a couple of stages that incorporate unfreeze, change and freeze. There is the need to have a groundwork for the change and the association must be set up for the change. This is a significant stage as for the most part individuals oppose change (Hayes, 2014). The association needs to investigate its center and reevaluate it. The genuine progress happens in the phase of the change. This requires significant investment, as individuals need to adjust to the change and grasp it. There is the requirement for good administration and consolation to make the procedures simpler for the staff. The way to progress is correspondence as of now. After the change is acknowledged the staff and procedures as of now refreezes and things will in general return to their ordinary daily schedule. The progressions ought to be utiliz ed by the individuals all the time with a feeling of strength and certainty that are gained. After the change has been perceived, grasped and executed by the association and the individuals, the things become secure once more. McKinsey 7 S Model The experts working for McKinsey Company during the 1980s built up this model. It has seven stages. The procedure is to be made to go past the opposition and arrive at its objective. There is the need to build up a methodical strategy. Also, the manner in which the association is to be isolated ought to be as per the structure. Thirdly, there ought to be an everyday framework for the exercises to be performed. Fourthly, the mutual qualities, which are the principle estimations of the association. Fifthly, the way or style, wherein the progressions are embraced and executed. Sixthly, the staff and their working capacities. In conclusion, the aptitudes controlled by the representatives of the association. This model offers a directional factor to the authoritative change and a superior comprehension of the association. The model is mind boggling in nature contrasted with the others (Matos Marques Simoes Esposito, 2014). Kotters change the board hypothesis This hypothesis of progress the board is embraced for the most part. John P. Kotter has structured it. This hypothesis is separated into eight phases. The expansion includes the formation of a desire to move quickly among the individuals to give them inspiration to push ahead. The structure of the group is by the choice of a blend of abilities, information and responsibility. So as to engage activity and execution of the criticism it is to be done in a useful manner (Pollack 2015). The spotlight must be on momentary objectives is a decent method to make progress. Besides dealing with the adjustment in a powerful way assists with strengthening this in the work environment culture. Ingenuity ought to be there during the time spent the change the executives. This model is anything but difficult to follow and join. The focal point of this hypothesis is to acknowledge the change and get ready for it as opposed to evolving itself. Notwithstanding, the whole procedure in this model is very tedious. Each progression of this model gas to be followed and none can be skipped. Arranged change the board Various hypotheses in change the board have guided the organizations to change all the parts of various divisions. Arranged change should be possible in structure, innovation, HR or a mix of the previously mentioned highlights. The greatness of progress can be described by the gradual or central change (Bridges, 2017). Arranged endeavors to change have been condemned by numerous individuals. The initial step to change the executives is to recognizing the gathering of individuals that should be engaged with a change. This relies upon the associations initiative ability, work structures and authoritative arrangements and strategies to unbending opposition. The settings of the change the executives either being local or being global have customarily applied that procedure to actualize and animate the development in the associations. Conceptualization and practice of arranged change These change exercises ought to be guided by the accompanying parameters Data about hierarchical highlights that are needing change Anticipated or planned results for rolling out the improvement supportable The instruments by which the results are accomplished Possibilities of fruitful changes Worries that are not to be exploited The authoritative improvement specialists and exercises that meets all requirements to happen in change Various sorts of arranged change The three principle kinds of arranged change is Singular this change can be of three kinds once more. Change in dispensed occupation task. At that point the change in transferable factor. Last is the adjustment in development level, which accompanies the required, in regards to the administration factors. Gathering this change should be viewed as various variables. Including the worker's guilds and work place changes. Wastefulness in the work configuration likewise needs change in-bunch class. Absence of correspondence is additionally guided by bunch change. Association - various capacities and highlights of progress control authoritative change. This is the adjustment in chain of command level and includes the auxiliary change, Strategic change, operational procedure arranged change and in conclusion the individuals situated change like conserving the whole work power. Ways to deal with various arranged change highlights Hierarchical plan - The old style or the conventional authoritative structure have for some time been the methodology of associations. It mostly centers around work duty, making divisions suitable in nature and division of work and the line of execution. The structure might be level or for an organization, which works on worldwide premise or redistributes the assets can be smoothed out. In any case, the mix can be the reason for basic change (Cummings Worley, 2014). Decentralization as the organizations adjusts to transform they makes their way to development. Decentralization implies that including the minor independent authoritative units that are intended to build inspiration and introduction of unit individuals and to concentrate on most noteworthy fundamental concern exercises (Hayes, 2014). Instances of a full verification arranged changes great result is when Cray Empires Researchs choices to let the author Seymour Cray purchase his own exploration advantage and putting resources into a different new organization, Cray Computer, is a genuine model. Another model is Disneys profession to make Touchstone Pictures, that offers more snappy movies than the standard Disney charge. Changed work process alteration of the work process framework in an association can be ad libbed by a definitive profitability upgrades. Speculations are the way to accomplish that. Mechanical change - the developmental consolidations of innovative change has been proof to significant change in the organizations. The range of worldwide advancements has been the way to accomplish the ideal change in association (Bradley 2016). Outside and inside elements - The outer variables that impact the arranged change are the financial, serious, globalizations and enactments powers, that effects or animates the change. Accordingly, these powers can be distinguished as a positive power. The conservative components like money related status of the economy, the difficult buyer powers and other a few variables incorporate this (Mantere, Schildt Sillince, 2012). The more significant among this is the official elements and customer inclinations that include this. The inward factors includes the administration change which gives a change in outlook in the association advancement and recruiting hazard is likewise engaged with this parameter. The correspondence issue that occurs in the association expected to likewise change the fuse. The Intrapreneurship change is likewise a factor that pushes the inside association change (Mitchell, 2013). End In this way, from the above change the board speculations and arranged change the executives conversation of the pundits it tends to be reasoned that, if an organization is on a stale stage change is basic, yet there are numerous part of progress that can go negative in the event that they are not considered appropriately. The positive result can turn into a bad dream for others not associated with change to participate easily. References Bradley, G. (2016).Benefit Re

Liesel Meminger Character Analysis Essay Sample

Liesel Meminger Character Analysis Liesel Meminger is the main character of a historical novel ‘The Book Thief’ by an Australian writer Markus Zusak which is his most popular work. The novel was an international bestseller and is now considered to be a modern classic. Many people who have read it wondered if Liesel Meminger is a real person. According to the author, the book was inspired by real-life events that he heard from his German parents but all the characters in the novel are fictional and Liesel Meminger was never real although she might seem to be. ‘The Book Thief’ presents an emotional story of a ten-year-old girl living in Nazi Germany during Holocaust. The novel describes the joys and sorrows of Liesel, the new family that adopted her, and a Jewish man that Liesel’s family hide from the Nazi. The action takes place during a certain historical period, but ‘The Book Thief’ does not provide details on the complex events that are discussed in the novel. We can see them through the eyes of Liesel Meminger and learn about her point of view on Holocaust and World War II and, besides, we can learn about this point of view as it is told by Death, the narrator of the story. At the beginning of the novel, Liesel is about ten years old and towards the end of the novel, she is about fifteen. At that time, her home was destroyed by bombs and her loved ones were killed. The narration ends when Liesel is an elderly woman and Death comes for her soul. Liesel knows what it means the pain of loss – she lost her father, mother, and brother. When she comes to her foster family, they all have hard times because Liesel does not trust anyone. But her new family and friends treat her kindly and gently so she opens her heart to them and learns compassion. Liesel cares about the special people in her life and she also cares about justice in general. She is angry and frustrated with Hitler and war. As Liesel grows up, she starts to realize that everyone around her has experienced pain and loss. Although she is still a child, Liesel creates a moral system for herself and develops strong critical thinking. Liesel steals books. She loves books so much that she starts stealing them even before she is able to read them. The first book that Liesel steals is a handbook for digging graves. She steals it from a graveyard where her little brother has been buried because it reminds her of her brother and of her mother. So for Liesel, this book means a loss and a sorrow. But ‘The Gravediggers Handbook’ also means a beginning of a new period in Liesel’s life. When Hans finds this book beneath her mattress, they start reading it together and their friendship begins. Liesel realizes that there is a great power in books and in the words that are written in them and she enjoys reading them. It was her foster father Hans who teaches her to read although he is not good at reading himself because of his four-grade education. She reads with her foster father and, besides, she visits Frau Hermann who is the mayor’s wife in her library. She likes the library and thinks that it is one of the greatest places that she has ever been to. She also starts reading to people who come to their basement when air raids begin. Books are the source of real comfort for Liesel and the people around her. Liesel is enchanted by the power of language but as she matures, she starts to realize that words can be a dangerous weapon of control and at the same time they may be a gift that can broaden her knowledge and view on the world. Using books which she steals, reads, and writes, she develops her character.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Timberland - 1221 Words

TIMBERLAND Q : 1 : In what ways does Timberland fulfill its responsibility to consumers, employees, investors and society as a whole? A : 1 : Timberland’s mission has been to equip people to make their difference in the world. Let them be consumers , employees , investors or society as a whole. Timberland ‘s business is a model for both commerce and justice having a long history in this regard. While continuing to build its reputation as a brand that stands for durability, ruggedness the American outdoor since 1950 , Timberland has been constructing a reputation of integrity and commitment to the community as well. Timberland is committed to ensuring that the workers who produce†¦show more content†¦Q : 2 : In addition to a climate of social responsibility, do you think Timberland is likely to foster a climate of ethical awareness throughout its organization? Explain your answer. A:2 : Timerland’s Code of Conduct : To create measurable sustainable impact in the lives of workers , the communities where we live and work and the environment we cherish through strategic relationships and investments that unleash civic potential , build capabilities and convene stake holders in common purpose. Well, I feel, its indeed a great combination Timberland has to do business keeping in mind social welfare . Business and community being joined together to create more powerful enterprise and community fostering a climate of ethical awareness throughout its organization. The issues being embraced as an enterprise and as a community are complex and far reaching. And to extend influence as a responsible business, Timberland looks for opportunities to leverage their expertise by educating and empowering a wider society (that is, other brands, government organizations and private citizens). In this way, they promote and steward the environmental and social health of our planet and its people and share our passion for Earthkeeping activities. Approach to building strong communities and a healthy planet through civicShow MoreRelatedTimberland Management : Timberland Company1693 Words   |  7 Pages1. According to our textbook (Lawrence Weber, 2014) the definition of corporate power is â€Å"The capability of corporations to influence government, the economy, and society, based on their organizational resources† (p. 53). After reading the discussion case I would characterize Timberland as exercising their corporate power in a very sensible and impacting manner. When it comes to making a difference in society Timberland has made it their mission since day 1. In 1918 Nathan Swartz entered theRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Is A Hard Edged Business Decision1073 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Corporate social responsibility is a hard-edged business decision. Not because it is a nice thing to do or because people are forcing us to do it... because it is good for our business† (Fitzerald, n.d.). In v iew of the aforementioned citation, it dispenses an intuitive frame of reference into the purpose of this case assignment. As this paper will be expounding upon both the short and long-term ramifications of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Moreover, this case assignment will reviewRead MoreThe Timberland Company: Challenges and Opportunities1162 Words   |  5 PagesCASE STUDY The Timberland Company: Challenges and Opportunities The Timberland Company, headquartered in Stratham, New Hampshire, makes and markets footwear, apparel, and accessories. Its footwear includes hiking boots, boat shoes, sandals, outdoor casual footwear, and dress shoes. The apparel line includes socks, shirts, pants, and outerwear, whereas accessories involve such products as watches, sunglasses, and belts. Timberland sells its products around the world through department storesRead MoreTimberland: Company Analysis1901 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction As a manufacturer of apparel and signature items such as boots, Timberland has become greatly successful over the decades of its existence. The reasons for this can be regarded not only as residing in the keen business sense of its CEO, but also in the companys culture of social responsibility and justice. Over the two decades that is the focus of the case, Timberland has built up its social responsibility drive with as much care and attention as the business side of the company. WhatRead MoreRevenue and Timberland2793 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Timberland has a long time history of providing quality products that are made to be both comfortable and protective. The company can be traced back to a one-man shoe repair shop in 1918 run by Nathan Swartz. His products were very successful and led the beginning of Abington Shoe Company in 1955. Mr. Swartz continued to run the business his son Sidney became involved as well. Together they created the first truly waterproof boot that come to be known as the timberland boot. As popularityRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Of The Business World1269 Words   |  6 PagesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPOSIBILITY Presentation: Corporate social commitment is the term used to portray the way that a business considers the cash related, characteristic and social impacts of decisions and exercises it is incorporated in. The piece of Corporate Social Responsibility in the business world has made from a fig leaf publicizing front into a fundamental piece of corporate behavior over the span of late years. Conservative frameworks are regarded, pined for and passed on additional byRead Moremanagerial accounting Essay946 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence your decision? A: the quantitative analysis would focus on determining the potential cost saving from buying the part rather than making it. The qualitative analysis would focus on broader issues such as strategy, risks, and corporate social responsibility. 04) Why do companies prepare budgets? A: companies use budgets to translate into formal quantitative terms. Budgets are used for various purposes, such as forcing managers to plan ahead, allocating resources across departments, coordinatingRead MoreEs G And Ehs Management Practices1368 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s business matter, numerous perspectives emphasize sustainability. Several environmental, social, and governance issues, including health and safety among other factors, have contributed to the diverse aspects of sustainability. The complex business reforms brought by the Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS), including social and governance (ESG) issues remain indistinctive in several disciplines. Some widespread proposals exist over the application of, ESG and EHS management practicesRead MoreLessons from Lehman Brothers: Will We Ever Learn1047 Words   |  5 Pages1. Describe the situation at Lehman Brothers from an ethics perspective. What’s your opinion of what happened here? The collapse of Lehman Brothers was the results of ethical failures which were rooted in its corporate culture. Lehman Brothers’ risk-oriented culture encouraged unethical decision for financial gain, therefore the risk-taking ideal and the overlook of questionable behaviors. Professional ethics was put behind profit, with employees ‘making questionable deals hailed and treated asRead MoreSustainability in Australian Business: Principles and Practice1420 Words   |  6 Pagesand enhancing the ability of future generations to meet their needs (Kotler amp; Armstrong 2012, p. 582). The aim of sustainable marketing is to satisfy the customer’s the needs and wants while also putting high emphasis on the environment and the social issues and thus creating profits in a socially responible way. Mention triple bottom line While traditional marketing is a process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from

How Did Geography Affect Where Colonists Settled Essay

Beginning in 1607, when ambitious English colonists settled in Jamestown, and continuing until the last of the thirteen colonies was established; geography was a substantial factor in the development of colonial America. The crops that essentially saved the colonists lives, such as tobacco, rice, and indigo, wouldn’t have grown without a certain type and amount of soil to grow properly. Also, the Appalachian Mountains and the dense forests provided a barrier for the colonists, preventing them from going too far west right away, and causing the colonies to form in the arrangement they did. Finally, the population was the most dense in middle colonies, such as New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania partly because of the mild†¦show more content†¦This, in turn, made it so that the population were more dense, and there was a higher concentration of people. The dense forests of the eastern seaboard disallowed for large cities to be created right away. This geolog ical factor forced colonists to spread out within the perimeters of the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean, without being too close together. Both of these factors could be overlooked easily enough, but did have a reasonable impact of the development of colonial America. Finally, the geography of the middle colonies, such as New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania played a big role on the development and population of this area. In the sixteen and seventeen hundreds, the above colonies were the most populated of the thirteen establishments. There was plentiful and fertile soil, in which tobacco was heavily grown. The Susquehanna River also flowed through this region, opening the possibility of fur trade. Other minor rivers that were found in the middle colonies were gentle, which provided for easy transportation and fishing. The land in the middle colonies was broad and expansive, making it easy for even the middle class residents to create an enjoyable and profit able lifestyle. In conclusion, there were many factors that contributed to the development of the colonial America, but geography was clearly a sizable influence. If the geography of America wasn’t the way it was, the colonists who settled here may have not survived asShow MoreRelatedAmerican Colonies : The Settling Of North America By Alan Taylor1776 Words   |  8 PagesAtlantic perspective, environmental history, and ethno history of colonial and native peoples. Alan Taylor believes in order to understand North America you have to view each perspective independently grasp the bigger picture. Part I: Identity: How did the identities of colonizing and indigenous American societies change as a result of contact in the Americas? The indigenous American colonies were heavily impacted by the Europeans colonization. They brought in weeds, vermin, and deadly microbesRead MoreCompare And Contrast Greek Civilization With Other Civilizations1789 Words   |  8 Pageslands easily instead the simplest was eventually adopted, which was to travel by sea. As smaller towns grew into cities, populations of competing society’s interactions increased. This unfortunate barrier of the Greeks geography can be differed to the Egyptians. Because the Egyptians did not have to wrest survival from a hostile and unpredictable environment. Instead, their land was renewed every year by the flooding of the Nile River. The fertile black soil that was left behind every summer made theirsRead MoreEssay on The Rwandan Genocide: Factors that Contribute to Genocide2657 Words   |  11 Pagesthe Rwandan Genocide could occur again because the European colonizers introduced ethnic classification where it did not exist and the nations in power chose to ignore the blatant signs of genocide. Define the Issue Genocide is the â€Å"deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.† (Dictionary.com, 2010) In 1924, after World War I, Belgian colonists entered Rwanda and allowed the Tutsi dynasty to remain in power. However, after World War II conceptsRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagespower. We therefore view the appropriate theoretical framework as a dynamic one with political institutions and the distribution of resources as the state variables. These variables themselves change over time because prevailing economic institutions affect the distribution of resources, and because groups with de facto political power today strive to change political institutions in order to increase their de jure political power in the future. Economic institutions encouraging economic growth emergeRead MoreInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language14362 Words   |  58 Pagesimmi grate to the USA, to get to know if the image of the â€Å"country of dreams† corresponds to reality. We see the practical value of our research in further usage of the investigated information by the teachers, students at the history, English and geography classes. Also the facts we provide would be useful for all those who are interested in this country or who are going to visit it in order to prevent different problems caused by ignorance of inherent peculiarities of the USA. In our scientific workRead MoreCaribbean Crucible: History, Culture, and Globalization4302 Words   |  18 Pagesdown to Angola; before them, by thousands of native slaves and European indentured workers; and, after them, by hundreds of thousands of indentured workers from Africa, Europes periphery, India, China, and even Java. Not only was it in the Caribbean where the first sustained European external colonizations occurred, but these colonies required and stimulated the creation and marshalling of far-flung trade and governmental networksÂâ€"a truly global undertakingÂâ€"with the aim of enriching imperial treasuriesRead MoreInternational Migration in South America Essay5777 Words   |  24 Pagesï » ¿Mendel University in Brno Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies International Migration in South America Economic Geography Michal BirÄ iak Obsah International Migration in South America 1 Obsah 2 Introduction 4 History of international migration in South America 5 Migration in 2008, 2009 6 International migration from the South America 7 1.1Migration back home 7 Migration to the others states of OECD 9 1.2Migration to JapanRead MoreMy Phone Thesis16066 Words   |  65 Pagescentury were extremely difficult. The poor returns from cotton, which had replaced tobacco as the island’s cash crop, created considerable hardships. More hardships were experienced in 1688 when a joint Irish and French attack on the island forced the colonists to seek refuge in Antigua. In 1694 several of them immigrated to the Virgin Islands. Despite these setbacks those settlers who remained at home continued to exploit the land. By the early eighteenth century sugar replaced cotton as the island’sRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesphase of the human experience, render it impervious to generalized pronouncements and difficult to conceptualize broadly. As the essays in this collection document in detail, paradox pervades the time span we call the twentieth century, no matter how it is temporally delineated. Never before in history, for example, had so many humans enjoyed such high standards of living, and never had so many been so impoverished or died of malnutrition and disease. If the period from the 1870s is included in

Project Research and Investigation Report Online Transactions

Question: Describe about the Project Research and Investigation Report for Online Transactions. Answer: Introduction Development of an OTP system is an important part of secure online payment methods. The system is developed based on some requirements or future insights that may enable the online transactions popular among regular subscribers because of useful and time saving applications (Yigitbas et al. 2016). The main objectives of development of this system are to enhance the security and accuracy of the online payment methods without involving real cash. The OTP system requires a number of features the payment method and the details are to be shown clearly so that the subscriber can understand properly; the interface should be user friendly and less time consuming, so that more users are interested in using the system. In this report, a project suggestion has been provided for the development of a OPT system by selecting the most suitable methodology. Project Research and Investigation: A Report on One Time Password (OTP) Project Existing Systems There are many existing systems where OTP is currently used. Some of these are as follows. Banking Transactions and ATMs Nowadays, One Time Password system is widely used in online transactions that involve the users bank account. The user buys some product from an online retail shop and the payment mode is online. Hence, the user will pay online using his credit / debit cards serial number (Tandon et al. 2013). However, without any authentication, the payment cannot be done. Hence, the bank sends a One Time Password (OTP) to the users registered mobile number that he must enter during the last stage of payment so that the process can go ahead. However, this password has a short life span (about 5-10 minutes) after which, it expires and the transaction fails. This is also applicable during withdrawal of cash from an ATM. Password Authentication in Emails and other Online Accounts OTP is also widely used in authentication of passwords in emails and other online accounts. During a time, a user may chose to change his password of his account. However, this can also be done by an unethical user. Hence, for authentication, the website sends an OTP to the users personal email or mobile number for authentication. Generally, this type of OTP does not have a short life span but failure to use it for authentication may result in temporary lock of the account (Huang and Huang 2013). The same procedure is also followed while creating a new account. For example, a user chooses to start an account in Facebook. Accordingly, he does by using his email account and / or mobile number. For authentication, Facebook will send him an OTP to his mobile number or email account that he will have to use to authenticate and get started with his account. Security Token Nowadays, OTP is also used for authentication of security tokens. Security tokens are electronic key for access to something that is protected. In this process, a user registers his fingerprint or retina scan that will be the authentication method for access (Devi et al. 2014). However, in order to authenticate whether the right person is giving the scans, an OTP is sent to the phone number of the user. Using this, he can confirm his identity and verify his access. Methodologies There are different methodologies available for software development. Some of them are as follows. Agile Software Development Methodology Agile Software Development Methodology is conducted through a series of iterations for the execution of large scale software development projects. Each iteration is actually taken as a miniature project as it takes a lot of steps and if one error occurs, the iteration is repeated (Weber 2016). This is why, agile methodology is an extremely lengthy process that takes up huge amount of time and resources. However, the main advantage of this methodology is that the outcome is always error-free. Due to its lengthy process and change of internal coding, this is not suitable for user interface development. Dynamic Systems Development Model Methodology This methodology is a modification of agile methodology in which the iterations are modified and changed with the changing demands of the system or client. For this purpose, the overall development project is divided into several parts, each having a particular deliverable (Eason 2016). At the successful completion of one iteration, that deliverable is quickly released from the overall project structure. Hence, the products from the project are delivered faster that agile methodology. Extreme Programming (XP) Methodology This is special kind of methodology that is specifically used in unstable environments. This is because, this particular methodology provides a lot of flexibility support and hence, developments can be done in unstable environments (Park, Kim and Jeong 2013). However, the main issue of this methodology is that the change in requirement in the last stages of development inflicts a very high amount of cost as the deliverables are pre-set in this methodology. Joint Application Development (JAD) Methodology The Joint Application Methodology or JAD is a methodology that is conducted through joint venture of the vendor and the client. In other words, the client and the vendor management team go through some meeting sessions to clarify the exact requirements of the clients (Despa 2014). After that, a series of workshops are conducted for preparation of the project plan. In these workshops, the project deliverables are prepared in the available technical setup and the developers prepare themselves for final development. Hence, this methodology is more business oriented rather than technical and hence, it is applicable for user interface designs. Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology This methodology is emphasized on the planning of the processes to be conducted rather than on the planning of the project (Dissanayake et al. 2014). Hence, once the deliverables are set, the project planning documentation is prepared and the methods to be used for executing the methodology is followed from the documentation. Justification for Chosen Methodology The chosen methodology is Joint Application Development (JAD) Methodology as it is the most suitable methodology for the development of the user interface system. This methodology is based on the client requirements rather than the functions proposed by the company. The project planning of the development using JAD is developed through a series of workshops (Gilbert 2016). When the company (vendor) comes in a mutual agreement with the client regarding the user interface, the development is initiated. As the deliverables is set by mutual agreement with the client, the development can be done with a specific end goal and it is the most suitable methodology for user interface development. Technologies and Resources Required The JAD methodology can be easily conducted in the latest technical setup available to the developers. However, without some workshops, execution of the methodology is not possible. In the workshops, the project is planned using documentation, worksheets, diagrams, and props that are useful for documenting and planning the flow of work using this methodology (Eason 2016). After analyzing the client requirements, the developers need to go through some workshops for preparation of the project plan. In these workshops, the project deliverables are prepared in the available technical setup and the developers prepare themselves for final development. The JAD methodology significantly reduces the cost and time required for preparation of the system for developing user interface. Moreover, changes of wrong iterations are reduced as workshops are conducted prior to the actual development. The resources required for the JAD methodology are as follows. Resource Function Technically Updated Computers For the development of the user interface according to requirement Interface Tools For creating and adding different elements in the designed interface Debugging Softwares For identifying and removing bugs in the user interface System Firewall For protecting the system from loss of work due to external and internal attacks Testing Systems For testing the developed interface in different systems and software environments Conclusion From the discussion in the report, it can be concluded that the best methodology for OTP development is Joint Application Development (JAD) Methodology as it is the most suitable methodology for the development of the user friendly and secure system. The OTP system requires a number of features the payment method and the details are to be shown clearly so that the subscriber can understand properly; the interface should be user friendly and less time consuming, so that more users are interested in using the system. One Time Password system is widely used in online transactions that involve the users bank account. OTP is also widely used in authentication of passwords in emails and other online accounts. During a time, a user may chose to change his password of his account. However, this can also be done by an unethical user. Hence, for authentication, the website sends an OTP to the users personal email or mobile number for authentication. Nowadays, OTP is also used for authenticati on of security tokens. Hence, the most suitable methodology must be chosen in order to develop the OTP system. JAD methodology is based on the client requirements rather than the functions proposed by the company. The JAD methodology can be easily conducted in the latest technical setup available to the developers. In the JAD workshops, the project is planned using documentation, worksheets, diagrams, and props that are useful for documenting and planning the flow of work using this methodology. References Despa, M.L., 2014. Comparative study on software development methodologies.Database Systems Journal BOARD,5, p.3. Devi, D.S., Thilagavathy, K., Vaghula Krishnan, S., Harish, S. and Srinivasan, R., 2014. Integrating OTP authentication service in openstack. InAdvanced Materials Research(Vol. 984, pp. 1309-1317). Trans Tech Publications. Dissanayake, N.R., Dias, G.K.A., Al-Shalfan, K.A. and Al-Shalfan, K.A., 2014. What does the AJAX Rich Internet Applications need to Support the Rapid Application Development?.A Vision System for Vehicle Driving Safety Assistance, p.1. Eason, O.K., 2016. Information Systems Development Methodologies Transitions: An Analysis of Waterfall to Agile Methodology. Fischer, H., Yigitbas, E. and Sauer, S., 2015, September. Integrating Human-Centered and Model-Driven Methods in Agile UI Development. InINTERACT 2015 Adjunct Proceedings: 15th IFIP TC. 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 14-18 September 2015, Bamberg, Germany(Vol. 22, p. 215). University of Bamberg Press. Gilbert, A.L., 2016. 25 Information Technology Transfer: The Singapore.Technology Transfer in the Developing Countries, p.320. Halbrgge, M., Quade, M., Engelbrecht, K.P., Mller, S. and Albayrak, S., 2016, September. Predicting user error for ambient systems by integrating model-based UI development and cognitive modeling. InProceedings of the 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing(pp. 1028-1039). ACM. Huang, C.H. and Huang, S.C., 2013, October. RFID systems integrated OTP security authentication design. InSignal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA), 2013 Asia-Pacific(pp. 1-8). IEEE. Khaddam, I., Barakat, H. and Vanderdonckt, J., 2016. Enactment of User Interface Development Methods in Software Life Cycles. InROCHIINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION(p. 26). Min, R., Patern, F., Arrue, M. and Abascal, J., 2016. Integrating adaptation rules for people with special needs in model-based UI development process.Universal Access in the Information Society,15(1), pp.153-168. Park, G.Y., Kim, Y.M. and Jeong, C.H., 2013. Development of Testing Platform for Digital I and C System in Nuclear Power Plants. Rambhia, A., Syed, H. and Doran, E., Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc, 2015.Contextual search using natural language. U.S. Patent Application 14/875,143. Tandon, A., Sharma, R., Sodhiya, S. and Vincent, P.D.R., 2013. QR Code based secure OTP distribution scheme for Authentication in Net-Banking.International Journal of Engineering Technology, pp.0975-4024. Weber, E.V., 2016. Performance Learning of Agile Methodology Using Paired Courses of Systems Analysis and Design and Web/Mobile Programming. InProceedings of the EDSIG Conference ISSN(Vol. 2473, p. 3857). Yigitbas, E., Kern, T., Urban, P. and Sauer, S., 2016, June. Multi-device UI Development for Task-Continuous Cross-Channel Web Applications. InInternational Conference on Web Engineering(pp. 114-127). Springer International Publishing.

Towards Understanding the Causes of Genetic Diversity

Man, in all his uniqueness, has managed to conquer the world and its inhabitants for thousands of millennia now. Animals and plants have their own unique characteristics too, at least scientifically as well as biologically.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Towards Understanding the Causes of Genetic Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scientists and other theorists have been working round the clock to understand the origins and nature of these unique characteristics found in both primate and non-primate organisms (Lahn Ebenstein, 2008). Below, several concepts that are thought to cause genetic diversity are critically evaluated in a bid to offer answers to the myriad of questions on the unique characteristics prevalent in organisms. Genetic diversity is a term mostly used to underscore the â€Å"variation in the nucleotides, genes, chromosomes, or whole genomes of organisms† (Harrison et al , 2004, para. 1). In its most straightforward level, genetic diversity is characterized by variations in the nucleotides, the basic ingredients that forms the DNA contained in the cells of a living organism. The chromosomes residing within the organism’s cells play host to the DNA. Most organisms contain two sets of chromosomes, with a few exceptions that have one, three, or four pairs of chromosomes in a cell. If an organism is diploid (two sets of chromosomes), it means that it has two alleles of each gene (Harrison et al, 2004). Mutation and sexual reproduction comes in since there are the major factors that lead to variation of either one or more alleles contained in each gene (Lewontin, 1995; Harrison et al, 2004). Other biologists and anthropologists are of the opinion that geographical localities and lifestyles are also possible candidates for genetic diversity in primates. Generally, mutations are changes in the structure of the DNA which form the foundation for dissi milarities between related organisms (Lewontin, 1995; TutorVista.com, 2008). Although a single mutation can have an overbearing effect on an organism, most evolutionary variations and spontaneous mutations are as a result of accrual of many mutations in the natural setting. One of the fundamental objectives of all living creatures is to survive. It is therefore imperative for cells to continue reproducing so that the objective can be met (Knight, 2009). During sexual reproduction, an organism inherits alleles from the sperm and ova of both parents.Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The pairing or copying of these alleles after fertilization to form an offspring can assist to introduce genetic variation which may indeed be of great benefit in the future. This process is called sexual recombination (Harrison et al, 2004; Knight, 2009). An example of such genetic variation can be wi tnessed in the difference in looks between an offspring and its parents. Sexual reproduction introduces the issues of migration and population size. Migration is the progression or movement, in most cases within organisms (USDA, 2006). The chromosomes inherited by the offspring from the parents are bound to change more if there has been a case of migration or hybridization (Harrison et al, 2004). This is especially so if parents of the offspring happen to come from different populations, and therefore posses dissimilar gene pools. In plants, genetic diversity via migration takes place through pollen dispersal or grafting of vegetative stems. Lastly, sexual reproduction, in altering genetic diversity, allows organisms to increase their population size with the aim of maintaining a high competitive advantage over the others (Harrison et al, 2004). This is crucial for survival. Sexual reproduction has the capacity to introduce new and more advanced gene into a population. The essence o f this type of gene shuffling is yet another fundamental foundation for genetic diversity. It cannot escape mention that genetic variation also occurs when alleles of two or more sets of populations mix through migration incase of primates or via pollen and seed dispersal via non-primates (USDA, 2006). It is therefore true to say that genetic diversity is in a constant mode of change – both through time and across geographical localities. Reference List Harrison, I., Laverty, M., Sterling, E. (2004). Genetic Diversity. Retrieved from https://cnx.org/contents/b8pd-bDN@2/Genetic-Diversity Knight, J.C. (2009). Human Genetic Diversity: Functional Consequences for Health and Disease: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199227693Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Towards Understanding the Causes of Genetic Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lahn, B.T., Ebenstein, L. (2008). Let’s celebrat e human genetic diversity. Nature, Vol. 461, pp. 726-728 Lewontin, R. (1995). Human Diversity, 2nd Ed. W.H. Freeman Company. ISBN: 0716760134 United States Department of Agriculture. (2006). Why is Genetic Diversity always Changing? Web. This research paper on Towards Understanding the Causes of Genetic Diversity was written and submitted by user Dario Harrington to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.